The Status Of Women In Pakistan

The Status Of Women In Pakistan 1.1 Demographic Transition and Status of Women in Pakistan Womens strengthening has more than one part: their entitlement to settle on a choice; their entrance to circumstances and assets; power to be accountable for their own lives, both inside and outside the home. Female strengthening has numerous measurements. It incorporates access to information, ownership of social and monetary assets and more self-sufficiency in political and financial dynamic procedures. Every one of these parts and measurements of female strengthening are interrelated and an adjustment in one segment won't bring a gigantic change except if all change. On the off chance that females approach the profitability of men, at that point the two sexual orientations can work at the same time towards the advancement of the nation, and this will prompt an economical way out of neediness. Thusly, ladies ought to get equivalent work openings. However, ladies have more prominent difficulties, as they don't get indistinguishable financial open doors from men do. They don't gain admittance to the fair working condition and linger behind men in dynamic. In Pakistan, ladies don't has appropriate characters, as she is claimed by her male companions. Their respectability and wellbeing are regularly past their own control. They are taken as undetectable, underserved and undernourished. The way of life of Pakistan is extraordinarily man centric, there are numerous old and moderate customs of ladies having a compliant and subordinate job. Choices for female people are made by men in her family, particularly in immature and far off districts. In Pakistan, explicit strict convictions are profoundly established in residents convictions, on which numerous customs and social point of view surfaces. Sex strengthening implies that females should pick up uniformity under the law and it must be executed and authorized. Womens strengthening basically contains lawful decency, equivalent access to instruction and viable exercise, females the executives at the national level, positive activity for employments with very much the same compensation, and a sex delicate equity framework. 1.2 Factors Effecting Women Empowerment In Pakistan Ladies comprise of in excess of 50 percent of populace in Pakistan and to deny this half populace of strengthening is to deny our economy of development. Ladies strengthening won't just outcome in the strengthening of ladies yet additionally the monetary prosperity of the nation. The improvement of the nation additionally should bring about fair conveyance of advancement benefits particularly to the ladies division. Monetarily engage ladies have more self-governance and resultantly this can change their youngsters and family lives. As she is a rotate about which whole nuclear family spin, subsequently a financially advanced lady constructively affects the group of people yet to come. Nations who dont take advantage of its full populace and overlooks half of it, it is really misallocating its assets, which will just prompt the decreasing their advancement potential. All nations should concentrate on its shortcoming and gain from increasingly fruitful nations. It should likewise set up such strategies which exploit the entire populace, as in both female and male. As effective nations are the person who perceive the potential in the ladies power too for improvement. All through the world, there is certainly not a solitary nation which can flaunt sex correspondence and full ladies strengthening. Ladies despite everything out there face segregation and are lingering behind in one manner or the other. Sexual orientation uniformity in two basic areas is significant like financial and political strengthening of ladies. There is improvement in wellbeing and instruction with the appearance of innovation and as all around economies are growing however yet there is far to go as ladies are still exceptionally behind men particularly in dynamic and salary procuring. With the past pattern it hushes up noticeable ladies are effectively taking an interest in to assume responsibility for their own lives and this is in actuality affecting the networks and society all in all. Be that as it may, there is a major issue as ladies are not reliable class, they shift by race culture, society, raised and opportunity, along these lines these elements additionally has a significant impact in the dissimilarity of ladies as these elements influence the conduct of society individuals. The goal of this examination is to discover what political and financial determinants impact the ladies strengthening particularly in Pakistan. The principle objective is to discover what past factors have been chosen and to gain from them and find new determinants. 1.3 Incidence and The Extent Women Empowerment In Pakistan As Pakistan is a developing and creating nation and for as far back as not many years its condition isn't a lot of improving, this in demonstration is further influencing the state of ladies. As an ever increasing number of individuals are affected and along these lines neediness is expanding. Hence ladies need to endeavor hard to add to the family pay, with the goal that their family is at any rate above destitution line In Pakistan, obviously through the point of view of Islam this nation says it gives equivalent right to the two people however there is another side to the image. Ladies comprise a little segment in dynamic and they contribute less o the improvement of the nation as there work power support concerning men is exceptionally less. The status of ladies in this nation speaks to the conventions and the social traditions, which drove ladies to this condition. Ladies are consistently oppressed at that point man in Pakistan, they get less training, food, dynamic and wellbeing. As it is consider men are the masters of ladies, and ladies are denied from their essential rights. Ladies predetermination is constrained by men. This isn't the situation in Pakistan just yet additionally in numerous nations men are viewed as prevalent than ladies. To accomplish advancement, we need to change over our shortcoming to qualities. It is additionally realized that expansion ladies interest in the work power will profit the development and assets can be appropriated all the more effectively to hindered individuals. Accordingly ladies ought to get good work, social insurance and voice at work. As more often than not ladies are oppressed to bring down wages than men and their wages have scarcely expanded after some time and they are offered low talented, low paid atypical occupations, for the most part performed from home. Perhaps the best accomplishment in Pakistan, during the most recent decade has been the expanding extent of ladies in the work power, empowering ladies everywhere throughout the nation to utilize their potential in the work showcase and to accomplish financial autonomy. Yet, yet we despite everything have far to go. From Global point of view higher level of female are working in the created nations than any time in recent memory, yet at the indistinguishable time these ladies proceeding with bring up youngsters to hold up under new weights. Be that as it may, these ladies face tradeoffs as it will be hard to secure great requesting positions with kids to take care of too also. That is the reason there isn't equivalent open door for people. The family as well as the general public, government and the entire country will profit by the strengthening of ladies. Flexible perspectives add to the latent capacities played by ladies in the Pakistan Society. Incredible accentuation has been laid on expelling sexual orientation disparity and improving ladies strengthening as Millennium Developmental Goal, resultantly numerous endeavors have been started by the Government and NGOs in Pakistan on this issue As indicated by (Pakistan business patterns for ladies) , universal Labor Organization (ILO), has the target of the advancement of chances for ladies and men to get gainful business is likewise the general goal of the four basic ILO Conventions focusing on sexual orientation correspondence spread: (1) equivalent compensation (2) non-separation in work and occupation, (3) laborers with family duties and (4) maternity insurance. The Millennium Development Goals that rose up out of the UN Millennium Declaration of September 2000 are explicit quantifiable targets, including the one for diminishing the outrageous destitution that despite everything grasps more than 1 billion of the universes individuals by 2015. Fundamental to this guarantee are the MDGs interrelated to instructive outcomes: (1) Guarantee that all youths complete essential training by 2015. (2) Remove sexual orientation disparities in essential and optional instruction. By 2006, most nations have just fallen well behind the important focuses to meet these objectives (Millennium Development Goal, 2006). As expressed in thousand years advancement objective 3 the advancement of sexual orientation equity and strengthening is essential to accomplishing the remaining MDGs .Likewise, there is proof that tending to sex issues benefits people and families, laborers and bosses, society and national economies. Improving womens wages and profit has been distinguished as a key component in handling neediness and accomplishing the MDGs. However there are Country explicit exercises to advance sexual orientation uniformity and not too bad work as in Pakistans constitution guarantees all principal human rights and ensures equivalent business open doors for people. Existing work enactments don't oppress anybody based on sex, yet ladies are not permitted to work in a couple of regions for wellbeing and security reasons, however the general public all in all has a major influence. the conventions of Pakistan powers ladies to sit at home and take care of the kids just , whether there spouse give them cash or not ,. Society or network doesn't favor females going out and raising voices for their privileges. They likewise oppose females working outside their homes. It is consider crafted by ladies extends to care for their families. So to change this entire insightful media is having a major influence however the administration additionally should be dynamic. As of late the Government started various exercises to advance sexual orientation balance at the core of conventional work and to accomplish MDG target calling for full and beneficial business and not too bad work for all including ladies and youngsters. Those exercises run from sex Delicate modifications o

Global Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worldwide Managerial Economics - Essay Example The Balance of Payments (BOP) alludes to the entirety of every monetary trade among nations and incorporates costs and salary from the exchange of merchandise and ventures, and budgetary exchanges, including outside direct speculation. These trades, or exchanges, fall under two classes: A Current Account and a Capital Account. The progression of merchandise, administrations, and cash all through the United States is recorded in the present record. At the point when national costs surpass national pay or spending plan, which means the present record is â€Å"overdrawn,† it is alluded to as an exchange shortfall. The US funds its present record shortfall by giving protections and securities. Since vacillations in the BOP likewise influences the estimation of the US dollar, the Federal Reserve utilizes an oversaw gliding framework by incidentally mediating to control changes in the conversion scale. Daniel Griswold, in his 1998 exchange approach investigation, states â€Å"No part of worldwide exchange is†¦ saw not exactly America’s perpetual exchange deficit†¦Trade shortfalls mirror the progression of capital across universal fringes, streams that are resolved by†¦how much individuals spare and contribute. This renders exchange policy1 an ineffectual device for decreasing a countries exchange deficit†¦[since] since exchange deficit†¦has for all intents and purposes nothing to do with exchange policy.† Griswold clarifies that a nation that has a larger number of ventures than investment funds, for example, the United States, must get capital from abroad through a capital record overflow. These remote ventures empower Americans to purchase more products and enterprises regardless of whether they produce less, overcoming any issues through an exchange shortage. Since the mid-70s, the US has had a yearly exchange deficiency, coming to $100 billion of every 1984 and over $150 billion out of 1987. In 1991, the exchange shortage dropped to $31 billion, however has been expanding from that point forward, coming to over $190 billion2 in the final quarter of 2005 (BEA, 2006). Exchange shortages have been accused for â€Å"unfair† remote

MSc In Project Management Paper 1 Example

MSc In Project Management Paper 1 Example MSc In Project Management: Paper 1 â€" Essay Example > Executive SummaryThe right service providers are always needed for any project to meet the required target. Arabtech Company needs qualified contractors to ensure that the projects to be carried succeed. Competency plays a greater role in determining the project outcome. In that connection, following the right channel in obtaining the right contractor has to be duly followed. This is the fundamental aspect that guarantees better results. The paper looks at the various projects that need to be carried out within the company and the suppliers chosen by the company to provide the necessary requirements. Comprehensive procedures to be followed in selecting the best service providers are clearly illustrated. The projects include: Supply of building materials, Internet installation in the offices, Purchase of computers, Purchase of staff uniforms, Office repair and maintenance. In fulfilling the project requirements, the description/nature of the project is put into consideration. The b est supplier of the service is carefully identified. The duration of the project is determined giving details on when the specific tasks are to be accomplished. Financial capability is also a crucial aspect that has to be taken into consideration in the paper. It determines the quality of service to be received. Arabtech Company is capable of financing quality projects. In that connection, the service providers need to be well equipped in terms of quality service provision. Technical capability has also been highlighted in the paper as one of the major considerations. Due to the advancement in technology, the providers need to be well versed with the current technology. The best service provider has to fulfill the required expectations in all aspects. IntroductionIn order for any project to succeed, Arabtech limited will need to work with the right team. This will include the right contractor or supplier. The outcome of the project will be determined by the competence of the suppl ier or contractor to handle the project. The quality of the project will also determine the cost. In most cases when the contractor or supplier does a sub-standard job then the cost of the project will increase. This is due to the fact that frequent repairs and maintenance will be required. It is therefore advisable to use the best channel and procedures when selecting a contractor or a supplier. According to CHP Procurement Guide (2010), this forms the basis of the entire project and will determine its success or failure. Selection of a poorly qualified contractor will automatically lead to the failure of the project. This may lead to huge losses and penalties to a company. The essay will discuss the necessary procedures to be followed when selecting a contractor. The paper will provide a critical analysis of procedures and the essential requisites of a contractor and a comprehensive process involved in arriving at the most qualified contractor for a task to be undertaken (Mosey, 2009). According to ISO 2000 documents, before choosing a supplier factors to be considered includes; the quality of goods, cost, ability to supply, payment methods, delivery date and the relationship with the company.

Divorce Effect On Children Divorce - 1825 Words

Mariana Luna Professor: Dr. Eva Masilamony Subject: English 1301-W10 11 April, 2016 Divorce Effect on Children Divorce seems to become more and more common nowadays. Divorce can be a simple or complicated process depending if children are involved. This process can have negative and positive effects in a child s life. A divorce is the legal process of a marriage coming apart. A divorce with children involve cost more and takes about eleven months for the marriage to end. The majority of the divorces happening in the United States involve children. Divorce has different impacts on children depending there age and how their parents help them with the process. They can be affected positive by becoming mature at a younger age and learning how to get a healthy relationship. From the book â€Å"putting children first â€Å", by Joanne Pedro-Carroll, it tells us how studies have shown that children with divorce parents have a higher increase in psychological, behavioral, academic, and social problems, when compared with children of a stable and happy marriage (pg49). Divorce has impacted my life. My parents got divorced eight years ago when I was in fifth grade. I can still remember all they would do was argue on who would keep the children. I would answer my father because I was closer to him. One night I could not sleep. It was around midnight when they started to argue because my father wanted to leave the house. That night I laid in my bed trying to ignore the situation. As I turned toShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Divorce On Children And Divorce1460 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s world, most people accept divorce or separation as a way of life. Parents are unaware or do not understand the damage it can have on their children. However, in some instances, it is better to get out of an abusive relationship because that can be as toxic as divorce. On average, 50% of children who are born with married parents, will experience divorce before the age of 18 (Children and Divorce Baucom, 2010-2017). Along with divorce statistics, 40% of children i n America are raised withoutRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Children1296 Words   |  6 Pages50% of all the children born to married parents today, will experience the divorce of their parents’ before they are eighteen years old. Divorce in and of itself doesn’t necessarily harm a child, but the conflict between parents does. A child’s behavior correlates directly with the effects of their parents’ separation. Deep emotional wounds are created before, during, and after divorce and separation. It is rare that you find a child that actually wants their parents to separate, unless the marriageRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On Children1068 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Divorce on Children While divorce may reduce strain on a failing marriage, it may cause damaging effects on the children. Often times parents are too concerned on the marriage to notice the effects on children. From the way parents react in front of the children to new marriages all can directly affect the daily lives, and behavior of children. Though, there are ways to mitigate some of the issues that can come with divorce, possibly avoiding some of the effects all together. UnfortunatelyRead MoreDivorce : The Effect On Children1084 Words   |  5 PagesNicole Halterman Professor Tausch CTI 102 D Written Communication 4 October 2014 Divorce: the Effect on Children In today’s society, divorce has become a normal occurrence. Married couples today are getting divorces due to many different reasons; conflicts in the marriage, a loss of romantic feelings, perhaps a spouse is having an affair, or other types of problems. Most divorces have children that are really young and due to their age, they do not have any idea how to deal with this type of situationRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Children1343 Words   |  6 Pagesknow that the divorce rate in the United States hovers around fifty percent, including forty percent under the age of 21. In that fifty percent one of every six adults is likely to go through a divorce twice. Not only does divorce affect the adults involved, but forty percent of children in the United States will experience parental divorce (Portnoy, 2008). Children with divorced parents struggle with negative consequences emotionally, mentally, and academically compared to those children from intactRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Children998 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce has become very popular in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, on average 50% of marriages result in a failed marriage. This percentage has been at it’s all time high. Not many couples have sustained a successful marriage in present days. Divorces have been around for a long time, and unfortunately kids have always been affected the most according to their age. As a result of divorce, there are many children that have to go through this situation at a very young ageRead MoreThe Effect Of Divorce On Children847 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome more unmanageable. According to Sirvanli-Ozen, recent studies confirm that the impacts of divorce on children are not restricted to the childhood period but are manifest during adolescence and adulthood as well. Many studies on the subject show that children who have experienced parent divorce have a lower degree of psychological accord and lower socioeconomic status in their adulthood (Amato Keith, 1991b; Biblarz Raftrey, 1993; Ross Mirowsky, 1999; Amato, 1996) and have more problemsRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On Children1207 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriages that end in divorce has been steadily increasing. When a marriage ends children are impacted and it’s not only emotional and devastating the couples but this also has a huge effect on the children of all ages involved. Many parents go thro ugh a divorce disaster with little knowledge of the effects that the children may go through. Some of the most common impacts that divorce has on children include the fact that children tend to start to blame themselves for the divorce, adjusting in areasRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On Children1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the effects of divorce on children are hard to handle. In some cases, they are extreme and require counselling and therapy to help. In other cases, the child doesn’t even realize anything is wrong or is too young to understand it. Divorce causes many different types of issues in the parents; including depression. Which then in turn, affects the children. Divorce has many life changing effects on the whole entire family. Studies have proven that there are many negative effects on children as a resultRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Children902 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of divorce is entrenched in the very idea of marriage. The possibility of marriages breaking down has increased considerably with some statistics placing the rate at 50% of all marriages. Divorce is a legal term that represents the separation of two people who had previously entered into a marriage agreement. While the prevalence of divorce is astonishing, the effect these instances have on families is critical. Many of the people who are divorced have children, whom the divorce affects considerably

The Debate Over Middle Ground Essay Topics

The Debate Over Middle Ground Essay Topics What You Should Do About Middle Ground Essay Topics Starting in the Next 5 Minutes Self-defense should be dealt with by the second amendment. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's vital to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. It's essential not just to supply the evidence to strengthen your position but also to refute that of your opponents. Ad 2, pick a topic appropriate for a synthesis essaythe ap english language synthesis essay you're presenting your opinionthere are two fundamental methods to. Body paragraphs are the principal section of an essay. Several More Examples Now that you get a great comprehension of these sorts of essays, the remainder of this lesson will just be a list of possible essay topics. This list deals with a number of the easy to write essay topics. The conclusion provides the general verdict of the argument. Another good idea is to receive some absolutely free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a prosperous debatable paper looks. Our experts are prepared to help you compose a top-quality Rogerian argument essay on any topic you select. Still, if you discover a specific gun control-related topic interesting, it's not sufficient to make a great topic for a research paper. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Hope this list provides you a good essay writing help. It is probably that an individual may not locate a specific topic interesting which others might. There's no obvious right or wrong answer when it has to do with using torture to acquire information. Where to Find Middle Ground Essay Topics The essay topics are categorized in various groups only for the ease of readers. Since you can see, these kinds of essays often tackle difficult subjects. A Rogerian essay differs a great deal from the other kinds of academic writing. Most the topics utilized for writing process essays are associated with academics. There may be several barriers which make it difficult that you just manage with the project sentencechecker by yourself An option is to find a valid Internet composing community which will enable you to pitch your requirements and ultimately employ somebody to compose the article for your advantage. All you will need is to pick the field you're good at. Another distinct characteristic of a research paper is the fact that it requires a presentable collection of referenced sources. So, this is the location where you start your research you ought to be familiarized with the text of the Second Amendment. The Most Popular Middle Ground Essay Topics The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. Only classroom teachers are qualified for. Usually, students find it complicated to select a suitable topic. 1 student might need to find counseling, while another may want to center on mindfulness approaches and other strategies before coming to class. Deciding upon the topic for your Rogerian Argument essay is easily the most important to think about. Fun element is engaged in all facets of writing. Top Middle Ground Essay Topics Secrets There's an argument on either side for its complete repeal, despite the fact that we might disagree on quite a few other difficulties. Government should think about allowing euthanasia. Death penalties ought to be thought to be crimes. Same-sex marriages ought to be forbidden. A Startling Fact about Middle Ground Essay Topics Uncovered For nearly every matter, if it will become a federal issue, half of the nation won't be content with the federal choice. Making it a state issue is likely to make the most people satisfied. You came to the correct place! Write about the most crucial thing in your life. Introducing Middle Ground Essay Topics Remember your essay shouldn't be a string of jokes, it's a narrative it ought to have a start, middle and the end. The Tempest isn't the only play i n which Shakespeare utilizes a pure disaster as a vital plot element. Afterwards, you have to explain the explanations for which you support that side. In the prior generation, doctoring involved mastering a couple of approaches to an issue. They might not realize there's a difference between course content they will find emotionally disturbing for reasons aside from trauma, and course content that's triggering due to PTSD. The list of calories ought to be displayed in each fast food restaurant. On the bright side, you usually won't need to decide on a fixed topic and adhere to it. Tell how you clean your hair. Unique vision of the subject is the one most important thing in all sorts of text.

Mines Wellness Hotel Free Essays

Background Mines Wellness Hotel is a delightful 168-room resort hotel with a tropical design overlooking a scenic 150-acre lake. Strategically located within a 1,000-acre mixed development just 15 minutes south of Kuala Lumpur’s City Centre, Mines Wellness Hotel are just a 30-minute drive from KLIA (Kuala Lumpur International Airport), LCCT (Low Cost Carrier Terminal), Putrajaya, and Cyberjaya. Mines Wellness Hotel provides the perfect escape from the hectic city life. We will write a custom essay sample on Mines Wellness Hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the hotel, all rooms and suites have balconies, mostly with a fabulous view of the lake. The rooms are categorized into seven types; Standard,Superior, Deluxe, Helicornia, Chalet, One bedroom suites and Royal suite. To concern the health of their guest, Mines Wellness Hotel is a fully non-smoking hotel, therefore the ambience, culture and service at Mines Wellness Hotel capture the total well-being experience for the revival of mind, body and soul. The hotel’s services are designed to bring their customers body back to its natural state of wellness. To complement the services, they also have Qi Gong and Yoga for those who want to practice the art of knowing the body and healing it from its own. Other than that, Mines Wellness Hotel have a â€Å"beach in the city† it is also the perfect choice not only for health retreat or weekend getaway, but also for garden weddings, beach barbeques, family days, team building events and other leisure or corporate activities. With an array of water sports activities such as parasailing, water skiing, and wake-boarding, one will be spoilt for choice. If the guest is not into adrenaline-pumping activities, they can also have a quiet time at the man-made beach. Mines Wellness Hotel has a total of two ballrooms and five multi-purpose function rooms. The ballrooms are named after historical figures, boasting a seating capacity of 150 to 280 people respectively. The five smaller rooms are ideal for meetings, conferences and seminars with a business center providing secretarial services for the guests’ convenience. Situated adjacent to the Malaysian International Exhibition and Convention Centre (MIECC), and located just 30 minute Kuala Lumpur City Center, Mines Wellness Hotel is the ideal hotel for patrons and exhibitors alike. The hotel continued to record high traffic of leisure markets from neighboring Asian countries such as, China, Taiwan, Indonesia and Singapore as well as the Middle East. The Mines Wellness Hotel has taken on the responsibility of preserving mother earth by going green through the formation of Mines Green Circle. It is a special green environment unit formed to ensure the sustainability of nature through initiating and retaining environmental consciousness among its entire staff, guests and the masses. The hotel started their green practices since 2008. Mines Wellness Hotel was recently awarded the ASEAN Green Award 2012, this was their second time awarded since 2010. The award recognizes players in the hotel industry whose operations are based on the environmental policy and hotel operation activities, utilization of green products, cooperation with local community and organizations, human resources development, solid waste management, energy efficiency, water efficiency, water quality management, noise pollution control, waste water treatment and management, and toxic and chemical substance disposal management.. The ASEAN Green Award Hotel Standard is valid throughout the years 2012 to 2014. In addition, Mines Wellness Hotel also won the Best Landscape under the hotel/resort/tourist complex category for the year 2011 by Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya (MPSJ). How to cite Mines Wellness Hotel, Papers

Trade Liberalization in International Trade

Introduction International trade is the exercise of exchanging products, either tangible or intangible, between different countries across the globe. This involves both import and export trade, both of which have their significant positive and negative impacts in the trading countries. Due to the controversies surrounding international trade, the venture is not fully acceptable in almost every country in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Liberalization in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A significant factor that hinders international trade leading to its unacceptability is imposition of tariffs. Although there are several other non-tariff factors that cause hindrance to international trade, tariffs have played a significant role in many countries for such a long time, making them the greatest factors hindering free trading activities between countries (Aguiar, 2002, p 1). Tarif fs are imposed by governments of respective countries in the form of taxes, quotas and duties. This is done as a way of promoting domestic products since the imported products end up with hiked up prices as a result of the imposed duties and taxes. Such imported products have increased prices throughout the whole chain of consumption and as a result, people are left with no choice but to use the domestic products even if the goods are not their preferred choice. This paper evaluates ways in which tariffs act as barriers to international trade and the impacts of trade liberalization based on empirical studies. Impacts of trade liberalization Trade liberalization has various effects in various aspects in the countries imposing them. For instance, there are impacts on income distribution, environmental stability, economic growth and development, among others. Some of these effects may have positive impacts on such countries, while others affect the countries negatively. Based on a broa der development impact, trade liberalization has resulted in increased welfare of local citizens due to the improved allocation of local resources. Restriction of importing products creates an anti-export state which promotes local production and thus the improved allocation of local resources. The removal of this restriction leads to liberalization of export-based products and leads to a shift from the production of products meant to substitute imports to the extensive production of export goods (James, 2012, p 1). This creates both short and long term generation of growth as such countries adjust to new ways of resource allocation to its advantage. However, this process may have limitations due to adjustments of costs, which are more likely to result in potentially unproductive results for the countries as well as to individual entrepreneurs. The most significant effect is the loss of stability of such countries, which result from the difficulties arising from balance of payments and/or decreased revenue from the government.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Others are unemployment effects, which result in low output and the reduction of human capital due to loss of industries and specific firms. However, these impacts depend on the rate with which transitions are made from one sector to another. Despite these relations between trade liberalization and economic growth, the two have not been completely correlated with each other in a universal manner. There are still controversies surrounding trade liberalization on economic growth of the trade-liberalized countries. Although a lot of literature has linked the two, some studies have failed to deduce a conclusive connection between them. For instance, a study by Rodriguez and Rodrik (1999) indicates no correlation between the two with the argument that the theoretical analysis is less informative and is nothing close to the real facts on the ground hence regarding to the conclusion of trade liberalization affecting economic growth as being biased (Basu, and Abegaz, 2010, p 1). Some of these researchers argue that the gap between the theoretical aspect of the matter and the real facts could be a result of other internal factors of the involved countries such a poor performance concerning the economy. However, this does not mean that trade liberalization does not necessarily affect economic growth in any way. In any case, factors like improved technology, availability of information and the openness of paving way for reduced prices do play a significant role in contributing to economic growth in any country with or without trade liberalization. However, for better economic results in regard to trade liberalization, there needs to be complementary policies specific to each country, which includes availability of infrastructure, level and value of education and policies of financial an d other macroeconomic sectors of the particular countries. The overall impact of trade liberalization is better determined by the complete economic pathway of specific countries. Trade liberalization affects the poor in a similar way that it does to other consumers as it leads to increased prices of imported products as well as ensuring that the prices for substitutes of foreign goods are kept as low as necessary. This increases the actual income for all consumers, including the poor. One of the most important factors to consider in trade liberalization is price transmission, which affects the way that prices of border products are effectively translated into the actual price changes of the locally produced products. This, however, depends on the competition within the distribution sector of the country importing the products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Liberalization in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The nature of the imported product also affects price transition as well as the operation of marketing institutions, especially those that are run by the government in those countries. Another significant factor affecting trade liberalization is enterprise, which affects the movement of resources between local industries and this, in turn, creates an impact on employment and, consequently, on wages. This is where trade liberalization affects households through its impacts on employment and wages, thus, affecting profitability of consumers. There are two different ways through which trade liberalization can affect enterprise. One is when there is full employment and flexible wages during which the changes in price resulting from trade liberalization are reflected in changes on wages but with employment remaining constant. The other way is when there is no constant employment with pools of employees moving in and out of jobs probably due to circumstances of the jobs. In this case, trade liberalization results to changes in employment rather than in wages. In the actual sense, the two situations tend to occur simultaneously with a balance between them depending on the flexibility of relative wages and employment as well as the capacity of the respective sectors to absorb the unemployment situation and other declining sectors (McCorney, 2006, p 1). Trade liberalization also affects taxes and expenditure of countries due to the reduction or the complete elimination of trade taxes, which lowers government revenue. This causes governments to put on efforts to stabilize macroeconomy by cutting off some social expenditure or alternatively, imposing new taxes which, in turn, affect the poor in an inappropriate manner. Empirical studies on the effects of trade liberation The empirical evidence on trade liberalization has been only directed towards reforms in the general markets due to the relationship between trade reforms and poverty in many count ries. Evidence has been presented on eight countries and it has indicated that the countries have had a gradual rate of liberating trade for a period of over 20 years. These countries are India, Bangladesh, Zambia, Jamaica, Philippines, Malawi, Brazil and Bulgaria. Trade liberalization in these countries was pursued through multilateral, bilateral and regional levels of trade policies through the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. Broader economic policy strategies were also considered, including the structural adjustment program.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After several years of trade regime interventions, all the eight countries began implementing tariff reforms, which resulted in gradual decrease on average tariffs although in a considerable rate. Several quantitative restriction measures were either completely eliminated or transitioned into their respective tariff equivalents (Aguiar, 2002, p 1). Manifestation of trade liberalization was also demonstrated in the removal of restrictions on imports and the overall simplification of the export-import activities; the most significant being the elimination of import-export licenses. Generally, the trade reforms created easy accessibility to international trade for the eight countries. Additionally, all the eight countries have joined partnerships with neighboring trade partners to boost general trade. Each of the eight countries has at least one partnership with a free trade agreement through which they benefit by receiving easy preferential market access. For instance, the two African countries among the eight, Zambia and Malawi, have easy market access to most of the developed countries, a preference that other African countries may not have. All the other countries out of the eight have trade agreements that have been established between countries within the same locality. With trade liberalization providing essential incentives for trade, the bilateral and regional trade agreements kept particular partners to trade. These agreements have and are still influential in the products to be traded as well as the trade partners. Another important feature common with the eight countries is that the trade reforms have been greatly promoted by international financial economic institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF (Tussie and Aggio, 2006, p 1). However, some changes have occurred in all the eight countries with some of them getting trade reform promotions from local policies such as the stabilization plan in Brazil, the centrally planned system in Bulgaria and the economic liberation framework in India. Trade liberalization has been linked to economic growth, not only in the eight countries mentioned, but in any other country with liberty to trade. This is because of the economic policies associated with it, which have impacts evidenced in social and economic indicators. These countries experienced various impacts resulting from the trade policies associated with the liberalization process. For instance, Zambia and Malawi have had proliferation in the value of their non-traditional export goods representing a significant increase in the total earnings from exported products. However, negative impacts were also reported, especially in Zambia, as quoted by the World Bank, 2008: â€Å"The country saw significant progress in the area of structural reforms during the 1990s, but full macroeconomic stability and sustainable growth proved elusive. All the social and education indicators deteriorated. Infant mortality rates, adult illiteracy, ma lnutrition and poverty remained very high† (McCorney, 2006, p 1). Bulgaria and Bangladesh have, on the other hand, had institutional reformations. Bangladesh transformed from the previous centrally planned system to a market economy. The impacts of trade liberalization in these two countries were fairly positive compared to those in the two African countries, Zambia and Malawi. They gained economic growth by increasing external flows. However, in both countries, absolute alleviation of poverty has not been made possible with large populations living beyond poverty line. Philippine and Jamaica have also had gradual economic growth with indicators in the living standards of their population. Brazil and India, on the other hand, have exhibited great economic growth facilitated by the economic policy agreements, which added value to trade liberalization, hence, greater economic growth in those countries. Conclusion International trade is the process of buying and selling of produc ts between various countries around the globe. Its main operations involve importing and exporting products between various countries. However, there have been controversies regarding international trade as its significant impacts have been divided between the positive and the negative. As a result, many countries do not allow free international trade and they do this by imposing restrictions widely classified as tariff restrictions and non-tariff restrictions. The tariff restrictions mainly involve taxes, duties and quotas. The most significant effect of international trade causing these restrictions is the deterioration of local markets due to the high competition presented by foreign goods. However, with the proper implementation of trade reforms, developing countries can actually grow economically and socially from international trade through trade liberalization. This is significant because with trade liberalization and consequent removal of trade licenses, both local and impor ted goods get to have reasonable prices to the benefit of the poor. In conclusion, considerations and proper implementations of trade reforms and related agreements should be done prior to making the decision of liberalizing trade. Reference List Aguiar, C. 2002, â€Å"Trade and financial liberalization and its effects on growth, employment and income distribution in Latin American countries†, provisional draft: IDEAS conference. Web. Basu, A. and Abegaz, B. 2010, â€Å"The elusive productivity effect of trade liberalization in manufacturing industries of emerging economies†, center for development research, universitat Bonn. Web. James, B. 2012, â€Å"Trade liberalization, profitability and financial leverage†, Highbeam business: journal of international studies. Web. McCorney, G. 2006, â€Å"The effects of trade liberalization on the environment: an empirical study†, department of rural economy, university of Alberta. Web. Tussie, D. and Aggio C. 2006, â€Å"economic and social effects of trade liberalization†, coping with trade reforms: a developing country perspective on the WTO industry tariff negotiation. Web. This essay on Trade Liberalization in International Trade was written and submitted by user Averie Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Political Investment Environment of India Essay Example

The Political Investment Environment of India Essay Example The Political Investment Environment of India Paper The Political Investment Environment of India Paper Like the situation in China, it is important and critical for investors to know local lattice environment and government relations if planning to run business locally in India, since government has large rights over a lot of affairs. After doing some research, I find that there are supports as well as some obstacles placed from political environment. According to Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in India, before 1991 , India government was cautious of opening domestic market to foreign investors. Introduction of foreign investment industries were mostly considered to be advanced technology or which can ensure product export. However, India government changed the attitude that they cancelled some limitations to FAD (foreign direct investment) and established Foreign Investment Promotion Board and Cabinet Committee to encourage FAD, expanding the entry scope of FAD and relaxing equity holding limits. Indian government encourages foreign capital to flow to the new and high technology industries, especially software industry. Thus there are preferential policies on investment in software industry, such as exempting taxes of import and export software, exempting income tax in 10 years, setting standard international intellectual property rights to protect reign investors. What more, as stated in the agreement on Trade- Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), Indian government reduced and eliminated discrimination of foreign investment, adjusting the policies of FAD in India to be as equal as domestic business, such as reducing tax rate and permitting FAD to practice all the preferential policies in high-tech commercial zones. In certain industries, India even practices policies that are advantageous to foreign companies. For example, Indian government required that new private investors who wanted to enter telecoms service industry needed to cooperate with foreign investors, giving chances for foreign investors to break into Indian market. On the other hand, theres some disadvantages of investing in India. Firstly, in terms Of government system, according to the website ABUTTING, Indian government mainly practices federal system of government, which consists of central government and state governments and is a multi-party system of government. The general parties are state-level parties before they are registered by the Electoral Commission (CE) to become nation-level parties, which may participate in different nationwide elections. Besides, other political organizations, commissions and Nooks play major parts in Indians politics. This little bit complex political system places obstacles for foreigners who are not familiar with local political environment. Investors need to figure out the relations between different political parties and their rights over different affairs. Then it would be easier to run business locally and more possible to succeed. Besides, it is said on ABOUT INDIA that political turmoil happens when a minority government is formed. This may affect export- oriented companies and investors who invest in these kinds of companies, nice new parties draw up and implement different policies that directly impact business environment. Moreover, like other developing country, corruption in India is severe. It is stated on Remuneration International, an international market research and business strategy provider, that corruption in India seriously impacts its business and political environment. According to Transparency Internationally Corruption Perceptions Index for Selected Countries in 201 0, India ranked 87th place out of 180 countries. The image of Indian government reduces investors confidence of investing in India. Theres supporting policies from Indian government as well as obstacles.

EMBA Admissions Consultants

Top 14 Services of Value Offered by MBA/EMBA Admissions Consultants In my previous blog entry, I pointed out several things that MBA Admissions Consulting isnt. Today I will describe what MBA Admissions Consulting does provide. The 14 most important services of value your MBA Admissions Consultant offers: 1. A partner throughout the entire application process. Many applicants need someone who knows MBA Admissions well to guide them through the application process from beginning to end. Having this type of partner greatly reduces the stress of the entire process, and that’s a role Admissions Consultants fill. A good MBA Admissions Consultant will first review your background and reasons for wanting to get an MBA, and comment on any specific items that might need strengthening starting with your logic for wanting an MBA! You will have questions that you want answered throughout the entire process, and your consultant will be a quick and easy source for answers. 2. A source of encouragement MBA applicants are usually very busy with their personal and professional lives and the application process can feel like a drag. However, schools expect all applicants to meet their deadlines and give their applications their all. Therefore, it’s often necessary for an Admissions Consultant to periodically encourage, cajole, and remind applicants of all they need to do to submit a competitive application. 3. School selection help In many cases, applicants’ target schools don’t match their backgrounds, goals, and scores. An Admissions Consultant can suggesting a strategy for selecting schools and research additional schools that might match well with your background and goals. 4. Dealing with problematic GPA and/or GMAT scores If an applicants numbers are not in range for the persons target schools, an Admissions Consultant can suggest several effective strategies to deal with that issue. 5. Resume feedback An Admissions Consultant will assess whether an applicants resume comes across properly or seems more like the resume of a college student or job hunter. In addition to making many specific suggestions, your consultant may refer you to a resume specialist such as one of the Certified Resume Writers on The Essay Experts team. 6. Guidance for choosing/working with recommenders An Admissions Consultant can review an applicant’s choice of recommenders if thats a concern, and provide extensive recommendation dos and don’ts. 7. Research Suggestions An Admissions Consultant will suggest research that applicants must do to truly understand their fit with specific schools, given their career and other goals. 8. Career goals insight Although Admissions Consultants are not Career Counselors, many have significant exposure to a wide range of fields. As a result, they are often quite expert at evaluating applicants’ stated career goals, and can help advise them regarding ways to research the most appropriate and logical career path a key element looked at by business schools. 9. Essay Strategy and Guidance Admissions consultants spend most of their time giving applicants feedback regarding their essays. An ethical consultant will never write the essays, as this practice can lead to an automatic rejection by the admissions committee. One the applicant writes a first draft of a schools essay set, the consultant will review and help the applicant with essay strategies. The applicant and consultant will then work together in an iterative process to make the essay set as effective as possible. The Admissions Consultant reviews each draft, sends it to the client with feedback, and continues this process until both the consultant and the client agree the set is complete and optimized. 10. Answering questions on the actual application form A few applicants have basic questions related to how to answer a question on the actual application form, and ask the Admissions Consultant to do a quick review. 11. Questions about timeline After submitting a group of applications, many applicant are likely to get nervous if the school hasn’t replied within an expected time frame. The consultant can provide reassurance that quite a few applicants are invited to interview right up to the last minute. 12. Interviewing A consultant can answer questions about whether to interview on campus or with an alumnus; provide interview tips to help with interview preparation and the interview itself; share feedback from other applicants who have interviewed at a school; and conduct mock interviews if needed. 13. Strategies for getting accepted from waitlists If you are put on a waitlist by one or more schools, the Admissions Consultant consultant can give your suggestions as to how to encourage the school to move you off the list and into the Accepted column. 14. Customization A good MBA admissions consultant will customize the consulting s/he provides to meet each clients needs. What are yours? Please share your questions/comments below. And stay tuned for my next article on the item of greatest concern to most: Essay Strategy. Need guidance in your MBA/EMBA Application process? Maximize your applications with help from The Essay Experts MBA Admissions Consulting Services. Or feel free to email me directly at larryessayexpert@gmail.com. Larry Sochrin Category:MBA Admissions ProcessBy Brenda BernsteinDecember 21, 2011

Employee Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Training and Development - Essay Example Trainers should understand the impacts of each method and the mode of responsiveness on trainees before training them. According to Aguinis, (2012), training methods can be divided into cognitive and behavioural. Cognitive methods involve offering theoretical information on the basics required by the employees to improve their efficiency in individual assignments. Some services associated with cognitive training include offering verbal directions on how to perform an action, conveying verbal or written information, and demonstration of the relationships between roles. The learning provided through training leads to improvement in the knowledge levels of the trainees. Cognitive training methods include lectures, demonstrations, discussions, Computer-Based Training (CBT), virtual reality, Intelligent Tutorial System (ITS) and Programmed Instructions (PI). Behavioural training methods involve the provision of practical directions to employees. Trainees are allowed to act in a practical way related to the tasks they are supposed to undertake. Behavioural methods are reliable in the development of skills. Such methods include business games, case studies, games and simulations, behaviour modelling, role plays, equipment stimulators and in-basket technique. Training and development encompasses efficient business management. Business management focuses on the future progress and development of employee skills. Organisations yearn to instil sound management practices that are suitable for conforming to the changing technological environment. In this case, training is necessary to ensure that employees enhance the organisational competiveness. The management development methods can be on-the-job training or off-the-job training. The four techniques that encompass on-the-job training include coaching, Job Instruction Technique (JIT), and mentoring and job rotation (Bernas and Piecha, 2009). Off-the-job training includes sensitivity training, simulation exercises, transac tional analysis, sensitivity training and straight lectures/lectures. Application of the computer based training (CBT) is related to the fact that the modern advancement in technology has led to the replacement of the classroom lectures with technological devices (Formaneck and Cozzarin, 2012:459-472). The method is efficient because it does not require any interaction between the human trainer and the trainee which is normally inefficient, tedious and time-consuming. Some of the methods that the pharmaceutical companies can apply when using CBT include Intelligent Tutorial System (ITS) and virtual reality. The system uses artificial intelligence in the provision of information that is relayed to trainees. The organisation feeds informational related to best practises in pharmaceutical industry and programs the ITS to relay the information to the trainees. The programmed instruction is strategically designed to offer reliable and efficient information for efficient learning. The pro gramme is designed to ask a question whereby advancing to the next level is dependent on the trainee’s answer. However, offering wrong answers stalls the learning process as the trainee will be taken to the initial review until correct details are offered. The programmed instruction can occur in the form of tapes, interactive video, and books. The unique characteristic of the programmed inst

Sexism and Racism Based on Laurence Thomas' Sexism and Racism Assignment

Sexism and Racism Based on Laurence Thomas' Sexism and Racism - Assignment Example According to Thomas (240), sexism, unlike the case of racism, readily lends itself to a morally unobjectionable description. I  believe  it is morally wrong and unacceptable in the 21st century to discriminate or  view  the female gender as inferior to their male counterparts. It is only a male chauvinist who would try to  abuse  a woman on the  basis  that it is  right  since she is female. In the present world, it is  adorable  to see a man who treats and takes care of a woman than a  man  who is  rough  towards ladies.  Women are precious gems who  need  to be well taken care of and shown affection even in accordance to various  holy  books such as the bible and Quran.  It is also in this  light  that women in the present  world  are viewed  as future leaders due to their discipline and determination. Women have a large role to play in the society aside from the few roles that they were responsible for in the traditional settin g. The world has evolved in such a  manner  that we have women performing roles that  were traditionally viewed  as being for males such as engineering, medicine and piloting. Males have also taken on roles such as cleaning, which shows that  sexism  is slowly eroding away, and should not be allowed to  prejudice  against anyone.  It also goes without saying that ‘whatever a man can do, women can do better’ which is a common phrase employed to  kill  prejudice  and  sexism  among women (Thomas 240).  Women are just like men and should be regarded as their equals since it is likely that they can be like men and  better  if given the  chance. Hence sexism seems to be an issue that deters development in many communities and should be abolished in the  society  in whatever way possible. There should be real change in the  society  and men and women should reach a  point  and be  regarded  as equals. In such times, feminist s  need  to  come  in place in order to  empower  and  protect  the rights of women in society. Time and again, the  society  will not  mend  itself without the help of the same women coming  forth  and pressing charges on those who  discriminate  them. Though, in many societies, women  are usually belittled  and  regard  themselves as the inferior and the people to be taken care of, some people usually take advantage of their inferiority to  abuse  them (Thomas 241). Thomas views women as the  cause  of their inferiority since they are  submissive  to the set norms in the society. Many religions and cultures have  constantly  regarded women as inferior to men making them believe that hindering them from fighting for their rights. Even if, a feminist came to fight for the rights of such women, they would not be shocked to  get  much  opposition  from the same women they would be sacrificing to  free  from oppression . Women  constantly  suffer from  oppression  from male counter parts by being the weaker sex in the society. Hence the issue of sexism proves to be a  point  where other people take advantage of the weaker sex. In life, men are  naturally  bullies, and they get the chance  utilize  it  fully

Effect of Hormones on Aggressive Behaviour

Effect of Hormones on Aggressive Behaviour The role of hormones in mediating aggressive behaviour How hormones can trigger and influence aggression in animals and humans has interested many researchers in the last six decades (Brooks-Gunn, Graber, Paikoff, 1994). Scientists realised soon that aggressive behaviours has to be always set in a larger context. The larger context can never be neglected while investigating complex human behaviours. This applies especially when considering the hormonal contributions to aggressive behaviour since far more than one link seems to exist between hormones and aggression. For instance, the hormonal control of parental, sexual and reproductive behaviour crucially determines aggression in both humans and animals. Parents of many animal species are increasingly aggressive while experiencing hormonal changes, for example, during lactation and parturition as they strive to defend their offspring from enemies (Beach, 1979). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the study on hormones and aggressive behaviour in the evolutionary context. Nonetheless it is not intended to conceptualise this evolutionary context without relation to other domains such as the social or cognitive one as these domains are inextricably linked. â€Å"A developmental perspective of aggression thus is based on the assumption that aggressive behavior is multidetermined and dynamic over the life span, and a product of a complex continuous interaction of the multiple psycho-bio-social changes.† (Ramirez, 2003; p.622). Aggression The fact that multiple modulators for aggression seem to exist makes it more difficult to reach conclusions. An additional problem is that the usage of the word aggression is too broad and there is yet not consensus over how it can be actually defined (Kavoussi, Armstead, Coccaro, 1997). Aggression has been predominantly related to an emotional state that individuals frequently describe as involving a strong drive to inflict harm and emotions of disregard and hate. However, overt aggression comes, in contrast to the described inner feeling of hate, in different forms. Predatory aggression, for instance, refers to the feeding behaviour of animals and is represented by attacks directed at natural prey. It has been demonstrated that the majority of vertebrates display aggression between two males of the same species while only some animals display maternal aggression. Fear-induced aggression, on the other hand, appears when an animal is anxious and/or incapable to escape from a perceiv ed dangerous situation. Irritable aggression, however, comes frequently close to uncontrollable rage and is triggered by immense pain or frustration (Rosenzweig, Breedlove, Reiman, 2002). Nelson (1995) reported how male sex hormones play a significant role in various forms of aggressive behaviour like for example in within-species social interactions and encounters. As a consequence, aggressive behaviour between males increases on the verge to sexual maturity. Experiments with male mice have demonstrated that their aggressiveness levels rise significantly during puberty while immature mice display more violent behaviours against each other when they are treated with androgens (McKinney Desjardins, 1973). Puberty and Hormonal Change Given the dramatic changes that occur in endocrine physiology at puberty, it is not surprising that increases in testosterone are hypothesized to be related to increases in aggression. This explains why testosterone has been the most investigated hormone in its research. The wealth of evidence supporting the ability of testosterone to facilitate aggressive behaviour in a broad number of mammal species has led to wonder about its potential role in human aggression. Wingfield and colleagues (1987) were among those researches who successfully demonstrated that the amount of displayed aggression in many species is related to the amount of seasonal testosterone change. Yet experiments with youths experiencing puberty yielded equivocal results. Book and collaborators (2001) for instance conducted a meta-analysis on 45 independent studies and came to the conclusion that the mean weighted correlation of these studies was only weakly positive (r = 0.14). This finding was congruent with Archer’s (1991) meta-analyses as he had also found rather marginally significant positive relationships between testosterone levels in humans and aggression. Experiments investigating the on the effects of castration on subjects illustrated more convincingly how inextricably aggressive behaviour is linked to hormones. Conclusively, castrated males displayed less aggressive behaviour due to the decreased androgen production. If, in turn, testosterone is injected into these castrated species one can again observe an increase in inter-male violent behaviour. Females are less often studies by researchers with regard to hormonal affects on aggression. This is due to the fact that males engage significantly more often in aggressive behaviour than females (e.g. number of male murderers is five times higher in the United States). Thus the predominant viewpoint among scientists is that males of most species are the more aggressive and violent sex. Consistently, recent research has found more support for a link between androgens and aggressive affect for boys entering puberty (Olweus et al., 1988) but less strong associations for girls (Paikoff Br ooks-Gunn, 1990). Nevertheless some studies found that in some species like Hamsters the female sex is more aggressive. However, this was not anymore the case when the female Hamsters entered the estrus stage. As a matter of fact, not all studies have supported the notion that the amount of hormones, especially androgens, is negatively associated to aggression levels. Ehrenkranz and colleagues (1974) for example demonstrated that testosterone levels of humans were positively related to aggressiveness while Kreuz and Rose (1972) could not find a significant correlation between levels of testosterone and aggressiveness in prisoners. Nonetheless Dabbs and Morris (1990) maintained with the help of their study on military veterans that testosterone levels can be linked at least to violent antisocial behaviour. More recently Dabbs and Hargrove (1997) revealed that high testosterone levels are a remarkable characteristic and predictor of female prisoners who are convicted of self-initiated violent crimes. At least two confounding variables exist Research has also demonstrated the existence of at least two confounding variable which have a significant influence on the relationship between hormones and aggressive behaviour. Bernstein and Gordon (1971) showed that both monkeys and mice who come out as winners of an aggressive interaction display increased testosterone levels whereas the losers experience a decrease in androgens. Consequently, the winners become more aggressive while the losers are less prone to exhibiting aggressive behaviour towards their own and other species. One could conclude that it was more a consequence rather than a cause that the more aggressive prisoners in Dabbs and Hargroves (1997) experiment had higher testosterone levels. Surprisingly not only the winners of aggressive encounters but also the triumphant of sport competitions experience observable increases in their testosterone levels. It goes further that this increase is not only experienced by those who actively participate and win in the spor ting event but is even experienced by those who support and cheer up the winning side or individual (Bernhardt, 1997). As even chess players display after having lost chess matches lower levels and after having won higher levels of testosterone it was concluded that another confounding variable mediates between aggression and testosterone because chess players are hardly aggressive in their normal behaviour. Regardless of these confounding variables sexual assaulters, aggressors and criminals have been often castrated in the past in order to decrease both their sex and aggression drives. The results of these studies reported that criminals were less susceptible to aggressive behaviour after having experienced a decrease in sex hormones induced by their castration (Brain, 1994). Nowadays, however, ethical issues and concerns have become increasingly important and thus it is debatable and questionable whether these kind of forced surgical interventions are ethically justifiable and tenable. Serotonin and Aggressive Behaviour The synaptic transmitter serotonin seems to have as well a profound impact on aggressive behaviour in both humans and animals. In contrast to testosterone, however, a negative association between aggression and brain serotonin activity has been reported in past studies. Higley and collaborators (1992), for instance, investigated the activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin in around 30 monkeys in an observational study. The researchers ranked the monkeys according to their aggressive activities on the island where they were freely living and compared their ranks with the amount of serotonin brain activity. Their results demonstrated that serotonin levels are negatively correlated with aggression. Virkkunen and Linnoila (1993) supported these findings with their own study. They showed that individuals who consume alcohol excessively have comparatively lower serotonin metabolites concentrations (e.g. HIAA concentrations) in their cerebrospinal fluid. These applied also to animal tort uring children (Kruesi, 1979) and due to aggressive behaviour expelled American Marines (Brown et al., 1979). As a matter of fact, serotonin levels are affected by environmental context and stimuli. Dominant and high ranking primates for example who stand on the top of the hierarchical social status ladder display greater serotonin levels than primates who rank lower in the pecking order. If however the higher ranked primates loses his social status he analogously experiences a decrease in serotonin levels. Testosterone and Aggressive Behaviour Schaal and colleagues (1996) investigated more recently the association between physical violence and social dominance of pubescent male youths and their respective testosterone levels. It was shown that less socially dominant youths had lower levels of testosterone in comparison to socially more dominant peers who possess concurrently bigger amounts of testosterone amounts. Nevertheless, this finding could not be repeated with aggression levels as those pubescent youths who were perceived as more aggressively behaving had significantly lower testosterone concentrations than those males who had a low history of being physically aggressive and violent. Thus it was concluded that testosterone was related not so much to antisocial characteristics than to experienced social status. In other words, those who successfully achieve higher social dominance statuses experience an increase in testosterone while those who fail to gain high social status face a reduction in their testosterone pro duction. Experiments with younger children (e.g. 5-year-olds) it was found that boys with higher testosterone concentrations were more playfully aggressive in social interactions. However, this relationship could neither be established with girls nor in play contexts (Ahedo et al., 2002). This again implies that testosterone levels are not solely a modulator of aggressive behaviour but rather a mediator of any kind of social behaviour. Additionally, Ahedo and collaborators study demonstrated that sex differences in behaviour establish themselves already very early on in life. In another study (van Goozen et al., 1998) the androstenedione, testosterone, dehdroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) levels in prepubescent boys exhibiting antisocial conduct disorders was examined. Van Goozen and colleagues results revealed that antisocial conduct disordered infants’ aggressiveness was not significantly relatable to testosterone. However, the more antisocially behaving boys had significantly higher than average androstenedione levels and modestly higher than average DHEAS levels. Researchers like Ramirez (2003) believed that studies such as these have the power to shadow doubt on the validity of testosterone as a biological control system for aggressive behaviour in postnatal life. Even later on in life testosterone levels seem only to represent the consequence rather than a cause of aggression as testosterone does not immediately lead people to be physically aggressive but their aggression is solely a response to cognitive and social stimuli and triggers (Brain Su sman, 1996). Studies on observed changes in concentration levels of testosterone and cortisol during aggressive behaviour and social stress serve as support for those researchers maintaining that both the evolutionary and social contexts and experiences have an essential impact on hormonal levels in humans. Thus â€Å"gonadal hormones, besides being only one of the multiple processes -biological, social, and cognitive, to influence aggression in children and adolescents, might also be a signal of aggression, or even more precisely perhaps, of social success.† (Ramirez, 2003; p. 630). These findings about serotonin and testosterone are according to Ramirez (2003) of utmost importance as they demonstrate that that experiences made in life can alter both brain chemistry and hormonal production in fundamental ways. Thus it can be noted that social context and hormonal activities in the body and brain are inextricably linked. Past researches on abnormal (van Goozen et al., 2000) and normal (Nottelmann et al., 1987; Inoff-Germain et al., 1988) male and female children have revealed univocal associations between high hormone levels of adrenal origin like androstenedione or dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate and aggression together with diverse other negative attributes such as antisocial behaviour, rebelliousness and anger. Furthermore, the fact that androstenedione which is a prevalent producer of androgens is linked to anger in females suggests that adrenal and not gonadal originated androgens play a fundamental part in determining the aggressive behaviour of the female sex. In addition to that, it has been found that serotonin is not the sole mediator of aggression but also noradrenergic, neuropeptides and GABA systems have been demonstrated to have an impact on aggressive behaviour. Additionally, estrogens, gonadotrophins, and prolactine have been identified as minor modulators. Thus, genetic and pharma cological experts have essentially extended the number of relevant hormones and neurotransmitters in the last couple of years (Nelson Chiavegatto, 2001). In conclusion, all the above findings fortify and support the currently predominant notion that aggression is not mediated by only one factor but by a network of many interplaying variables. References Ahedo, L., Cardas, J., Aizpiroz, A., Brain, P. F., Sanchez-Martin, J. R. (2002). Social behavior in male and female 5-year olds and its relation to salivary testosterone levels. The developmental origins of aggressive behavior (p. 53). Montreal: ISRA. Archer, J. (1991). The influence of testosterone on human aggression. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 1–28. Beach, F.A. (1979). Aggressive Behavior. Hormones and Aggression, 5(3), 313-316. Bernhardt, P. C. (1997). Influences of serotonin and testosterone in aggression and dominance: convergence with social psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(6), 44-48. Bernstein, I. S., and Gordon, T. P. (1974). The function of aggression in primate societies. American Scientist, 62, 304-311. Book, A. S., Starzyk, K. B., Quinsey, V. L. (2001). The relationship between testosterone and aggression: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(6), 579–599. Brain, P. 1994. Hormonal aspects of aggression and violence. In A. Reiss, Jr., K. Miczek, and J. Roth (Eds.), Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 2., pp. 173-244 Washington DC: National Academy Press. Brain, P. F., Susman, E. J. (1996). Hormonal aspects of antisocial behavior and violence. In D. M. Stoff, J. Maser, J. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior ( pp. 314–323). Hillsdale: Laurence Erlbaum. Brooks-Gunn, J. Graber, J.A., Paikoff R.L. (1994). Studying links between hormones and negative affect: models and measures. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4(4), 469-486. Brown, G. L., Goodwin, F. K., Ballenger, J. C., Goyer, P. F., et al. (1979). Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatry Research, 1, 131-139. Dabbs, J. M., Jr., and Hargrove, M. F. (1997). Age, testosterone, and behaviour among female prison inmates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 477-480. Dabbs, J. M., Jr., and Morris, R. (1990). Testosterone, social class and antisocial behavior in a sample of 4.462 men. Psychological Science, 1(3), 209-211. Ehrenkranz, J., Bliss, E., and Sheard, M. H. (1974). Plasma testosterone: correlation with aggressive behaviour and social dominance in man. Psychosomatic Medicine, 36, 469-475. Higley, J. D., Mehlman, P. T., Taub, D. M., Higley, S. B., et al. (1992). Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 436-441. Kavoussi, R., Armstead, P., Coccaro, E. (1997). The neurobiology of impulsive aggression. Psychiatry Clinic North America, 20(2), 395–403. Kreuz, L. E., Rose, R. M. (1972). Assessment of aggressive behaviour and plasma testosterone in a young criminal population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, 321-332. Kruesi, M. J. (1979). Cruelty to animals and CSF 5HIAA. Psychiatry Research, 28, 115-116. Inoff-Germain, G. E., Arnold, G. S., Nottelmann, E. D., Susman, E. J., Cutler, G. B., Chrousos, G. P. (1988). 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Marxist explanations of social class inequalities Essay

In society there are many different factors which divide us and result in social inequality. In this essay, I will be covering social class. Karl Marx believed that in society, there are two major social classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. The bourgeoisie are basically the upper class; in order for you to be classed as a part of them you must own the means of production such as factories etc. In order for these factories to run, they would need workers, which is where the proletariats come in. The proletariat only owns their labour force which they sell in order for a wage. Karl Marx stated that the proletariats are exploited through low pay and poor work conditions, but due to capitalism, we deal with it as were tied down to the economy. Conflict theory coined by Karl Marx suggests that suggested that social order is maintained by domination and power opposed to a shared consensus among society. This inequality is derived from social and political aspects established in s ociety. Marxists believe that social in equalities are implemented by the bourgeoisie in order to maintain a disturbance among the proletariats in order to keep them distracted from existing economic issues. A way they do this through the media. They distract the public with celebrity’s lavish lifestyles and people are tied to the economy in an attempt to imitate them. Factualists would counter this perspective claiming that social inequalities benefit society positively. They believe that it works as an incentive for individuals to work harder and achieve their maximum potential. The education system also ensures that the most suitable are picked out for the job. It also ensures that social order is maintained as people would accept their position as they had an equal chance to everyone else. Factualists also believe that the individuals at the bottom of the fragmented social scale are needed as some has to do the less attractive jobs. The New Right have a very traditional view of so ciety. They believe that women should embrace the assigned expressive role and males should be the breadwinner in the family. They have old fashioned views and are often of the Christian religion despite recent secularisation rates. The New Right are one of the few perspectives which with holds a cultural argument. They believe that failure in society is a result of the individual’s actions and choices. They believe that all the wealth within society slowly â€Å"Trickles† down to the rest of society. They believe that  business entrepreneurs create jobs for the rest of society by setting up business such as industries and factories which then create jobs; hence the wealth being distributed throughout society. Although inequalities exist and are relevant in the contemporary UK, it’s very rare that there are cases of absolute poverty due to free services provided by the government such as health care and education which then give individuals more equal life chances. Capitalism has gotten rid of many working class jobs throughout the UK such as factory jobs and mining, because of this, these working class jobs have been replaced with many middle class jobs. This has given people a better standard of living and made them more aspirational for the future. Within the past 50 years, the middle class has massively grown and become the largest social class within the UK. There are also exceptionally much more university graduates. Karl Marx was strongly against the concept of capitalism. He disliked the fact that there was income inequality. He pushed for a communist society and equality. He predicted that this would happen in the future as capitalism was unstable and was inevitable to fall. He stated that we would all achieve a class conscience and be aware of the fact that we are being exploited, realising our true value. He predicted we would all revolt against the system. The fact that we all still live in a capitalist society proves he was wrong. Sociologists such as weber countered this prediction and believed that the proletariats would be too distracted with domestic problems amongst each other forcing them to divide as opposed to sticking together.

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Virtues Of Filial Piety And Loyalty - 859 Words

Other important virtues include Filial Piety (Ã¥ ­  Xiao) and Loyalty (Ã¥ ¿   Zhong). Filial Piety is one of the most important virtues in the discussion of rituals in Confucianism. For example, Ancestor worship is a huge part of the Confucianism practices and rituals. Confucius did acknowledge the existence of spirit and the traditional belief about ghost. Therefore, he believed that people should be respectful to their parents even after their death and that worshiping ancestors is manifesting the virtue of filial piety. To worship the ancestors, people prepare the best food, arrange them in the order provided by the sacred text and burn the incense. Then, they believed that the ancestors would come eat the food and bless them if pleased. Also, people would go to their ancestor’s tomb to sweep it and take care of it. This tradition of respecting one’s parents is similar to the Bible’s teaching in Ephesian 6:1-3 where it says one who respect and obey the paren ts will be blessed. The sacred texts provide detailed guidance on religious practices. Similar to the Old Testament, the texts prescribed certain behaviors that need to be done. However, Confucius also emphasized the significance of one’s heart and attitude in doing so as things done without the genuine feeling are useless. Jesus also emphasized the truthful heart in loving God as He said, â€Å"Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.† The festivals of Confucianism are QufuShow MoreRelated Filial Piety’s Role in Ancient China Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesIn the 18th century, China was influenced by various teachings of philosophers and beliefs that the society had placed emphasis on. Filial piety (xiao) was a major practice around this period when it was strongly carried inside and outside the household. 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